A seminary I attended had an ad hoc course on angelology and demonology, taught by a retired icon of evangelicalism. I didn’t take it for a variety of reasons, but sometimes I wish I had. I believe that the biblical notion of demons is still useful, because it allows us to name and objectify those tendencies within us that try to turn us away from God. By naming a demon and bringing it to light we have some power over it. Recognizing the demon of gluttony, for instance, reminds me that sometimes I want to eat a lot more than I need to, for reasons that do not promote my spiritual health. One danger in using such demon-talk is the temptation to abdicate responsibility for our actions (“the devil made me do it”). It is also necessary to be able to discern which spirits are from God and which are not.
The reading from Deuteronomy for this Sunday makes it clear that some prophetic voices originate in God while others do not – and the latter lead to certain death. It is also clear that even demonic voices are subject to God. This is underscored by the interaction of Jesus with the “unclean spirit” in Mark. The people are astonished that Jesus has power over the spirit, although they miss the connection with divinity that implies. (I do realize that illnesses such as epilepsy were attributed to “demons” in biblical times, and that such attribution continues to cast a stigma on any disease that affects normal brain functioning and behavior. I am not talking about that, but rather temptations common to all humanity.)
Walter Wink’s books on the “powers” showed me how institutions can have spirits (angelic or demonic) as well as individuals. Using the addresses to the “angels of the seven churches” in Revelation, Wink shows how churches, industries, nations, and cultures can each have its own angel. But how does one discern whether they are divine or demonic? The criterion of whether they lead us toward or away from God and God’s kingdom still holds, yet with institutions, especially ones in which we live, it is much harder to find a place apart where we can examine them dispassionately. We simply have too much invested in them. That investment can also tempt us to define God’s kingdom in ways that minimize the need to change.
I don’t have a solution for all of this. I simply want to present the value of taking demons more seriously than we do. They aren’t little figures with pointy tails and pitchforks. They are very real tendencies within us that turn us away from God and toward our own destruction. We ignore them at our peril.
Monday, January 26, 2009
Thursday, January 22, 2009
Sermons Online
Learning new technology is nothing new to me, but I'm not used to doing it in such a public way. Now that I'm blogging and on Facebook, however, what's left to hide? I recently purchased a digital recorder so I could create an mp3 file of a sermon to send to a parish, and having done that successfully, I'm trying to get it to this blog. The easiest way would be to house the mp3 file on my church's website. However, hoping to learn more, I've chosen to use box.net instead. Click on the link below, and then on "HornEpiphany2.mp3." Let me know if it works, and what you think.
Sermon for the Second Sunday after Epiphany
Sermon for the Second Sunday after Epiphany
Wednesday, January 14, 2009
Friends and Friendship
Much to the surprise of everyone who knows me well, I finally joined Facebook. I will never have as many “friends” as my much more sociable wife and son. Yet I am amazed and delighted by the invitations I have received so far, from people known and unknown. For the latter, I wish there were a category called “acquaintances,” but can you imagine the social consternation that could be caused by putting someone in that category?
Last Monday was the feast day of Aelred of Rievaulx, a twelfth-century Cistercian monk and the author of “Spiritual Friendship,” among other things. It’s a wonderful short work, an easy and appropriate read for someone who just joined Facebook. Aelred models it on Cicero’s essay on the same subject, something I never got to in high school Latin. Yet Aelred goes beyond Cicero, for he believes that Christ is always the foundation of true friendship – it ought to “begin in Christ, continue in Christ, and be perfected in Christ.”
True friendship certainly is God-given, “a stage toward the love and knowledge of God.” Aelred’s four qualities of a friend ring true: loyalty, right intention, discretion, and patience. Blessed are we when we have friends like that. These are not the “friends” of Facebook; a computer-mediated means of communication cannot long fill the need for human-to-human interactions that are programmed into us. Yet Facebook provides one more way of continuing the connection when we are distant from one another. For that I am grateful, even if my private self is still not sure about all this exposure!
Last Monday was the feast day of Aelred of Rievaulx, a twelfth-century Cistercian monk and the author of “Spiritual Friendship,” among other things. It’s a wonderful short work, an easy and appropriate read for someone who just joined Facebook. Aelred models it on Cicero’s essay on the same subject, something I never got to in high school Latin. Yet Aelred goes beyond Cicero, for he believes that Christ is always the foundation of true friendship – it ought to “begin in Christ, continue in Christ, and be perfected in Christ.”
True friendship certainly is God-given, “a stage toward the love and knowledge of God.” Aelred’s four qualities of a friend ring true: loyalty, right intention, discretion, and patience. Blessed are we when we have friends like that. These are not the “friends” of Facebook; a computer-mediated means of communication cannot long fill the need for human-to-human interactions that are programmed into us. Yet Facebook provides one more way of continuing the connection when we are distant from one another. For that I am grateful, even if my private self is still not sure about all this exposure!
Monday, January 5, 2009
Monks and Moderns
R and I spent the weekend in our "home-away-from-home," as I was supplying at a church nearer there than our house. That gave me the chance to finish a couple of books that had been hanging about for a while. One was a book on Mount Athos by Christopher Merrill, and the other a popular choice of Advent book groups, the latest Borg and Crossan book on the first Christmas (as they envision it).
Given that Borg and Crossan do not believe that any of the events described by Matthew and Luke actually happened, except that a baby named Jesus was born, it is remarkable how much attention they give to the biblical narrative. They take great pains to show parallels with other first-century birth narratives, especially those of Caesar Augustus. Their thesis is that the early Christian community made Jesus appear divine ("christened as Son of God by the community that grew up around him") in order to counteract the supposed divinity of Augustus and oppose the imperial power.
It's all very nice and rational and 21st century, but who would die for a faith like that? The Daily Office readings from Hebrews 11 present a very different view of faith as "the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen," in its long list of biblical heroes of faith. "Time would fail me to tell" of all of them, the author says. Yet he tries mightily, and then comes to that wonderful climax: "Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses...let us run with perseverence the race that is set before us." That's a powerful call to action, and Borg and Crossan seem tepid in comparison.
Merrill's book on the spiritual center of Eastern Orthodoxy is anything but tepid. Before it was loaned to me by R's rector, I had not realized that non-Orthodox were even allowed on the Holy Mountain. Merrill, an Episcopalian, is clearly regarded as a heretic by some of the monks he encounters. Yet he also finds the type of monastics I know from New Melleray Abbey: deeply rooted in prayer, they are so aware of their own failings that they can be gentle with others. Like Merrill, I feel a pull toward the monastic life, and there were times in the past when R wondered if I would return from retreats at the abbey. But I have already taken vows before God, including the vow of matrimony. Since Vatican II the Roman Church has acknowledged that the monastic charism can be found in people who live in the world, and now actively supports contact between monks and "seculars." The Orthodox knew that all along. Perhaps that is why I find them so appealing.
Given that Borg and Crossan do not believe that any of the events described by Matthew and Luke actually happened, except that a baby named Jesus was born, it is remarkable how much attention they give to the biblical narrative. They take great pains to show parallels with other first-century birth narratives, especially those of Caesar Augustus. Their thesis is that the early Christian community made Jesus appear divine ("christened as Son of God by the community that grew up around him") in order to counteract the supposed divinity of Augustus and oppose the imperial power.
It's all very nice and rational and 21st century, but who would die for a faith like that? The Daily Office readings from Hebrews 11 present a very different view of faith as "the assurance of things hoped for, the conviction of things not seen," in its long list of biblical heroes of faith. "Time would fail me to tell" of all of them, the author says. Yet he tries mightily, and then comes to that wonderful climax: "Therefore, since we are surrounded by so great a cloud of witnesses...let us run with perseverence the race that is set before us." That's a powerful call to action, and Borg and Crossan seem tepid in comparison.
Merrill's book on the spiritual center of Eastern Orthodoxy is anything but tepid. Before it was loaned to me by R's rector, I had not realized that non-Orthodox were even allowed on the Holy Mountain. Merrill, an Episcopalian, is clearly regarded as a heretic by some of the monks he encounters. Yet he also finds the type of monastics I know from New Melleray Abbey: deeply rooted in prayer, they are so aware of their own failings that they can be gentle with others. Like Merrill, I feel a pull toward the monastic life, and there were times in the past when R wondered if I would return from retreats at the abbey. But I have already taken vows before God, including the vow of matrimony. Since Vatican II the Roman Church has acknowledged that the monastic charism can be found in people who live in the world, and now actively supports contact between monks and "seculars." The Orthodox knew that all along. Perhaps that is why I find them so appealing.
Friday, December 5, 2008
Last Class, Take One
I just taught my last Ecology class, one of the courses I enjoy most. Several of the students had chipped in for a giant cookie with “Best Wishes” on it. One of them got up and made a speech about how much she enjoyed the class after initial misgivings about it, and how it was a class they all looked forward to as a relief from the others they were taking. Then everyone applauded. It was all very sweet. I didn’t have the heart to lecture after that, so I answered their questions about what comes next for me – as though I know! I’ll miss being around people who never age, who look forward to the future with hope and anticipation.
On the clerical front, at the moment I’m spending every weekend at a different church. This weekend it will be a Saturday and two Sunday services eighty miles from home. A couple of weeks ago our former bishop came to my home church to preach a stewardship sermon for our Consecration Sunday. I like him a lot, so I couldn’t figure out why I was anxious about his coming. I started to understand when we processed in for the early service, at which I was presiding. I tried to go in front of him, but he corrected me: the presider goes last. (Of course!) And I discovered that it is very unnerving to be standing at the altar celebrating the Eucharist with a bishop immediately on one’s left! Fortunately, no bread or wine was spilled and Jesus showed up in spite of my nervousness.
On the clerical front, at the moment I’m spending every weekend at a different church. This weekend it will be a Saturday and two Sunday services eighty miles from home. A couple of weeks ago our former bishop came to my home church to preach a stewardship sermon for our Consecration Sunday. I like him a lot, so I couldn’t figure out why I was anxious about his coming. I started to understand when we processed in for the early service, at which I was presiding. I tried to go in front of him, but he corrected me: the presider goes last. (Of course!) And I discovered that it is very unnerving to be standing at the altar celebrating the Eucharist with a bishop immediately on one’s left! Fortunately, no bread or wine was spilled and Jesus showed up in spite of my nervousness.
Sunday, November 9, 2008
Jesus is More Interesting than Darwin
Last week I finally made myself finish Kenneth Miller’s Finding Darwin’s God. After numerous debates with young-earth creationists and intelligent design enthusiasts, Miller knows their arguments and has the data to demolish them. Yet he can’t counter his atheistic science colleagues with anywhere near the same fluency, using mostly the strong anthropic principle (the idea that several universal constants are such that life can exist; any slight deviation of any of them, and we would not be). He also sees an opening for God to nudge things along through the inherent uncertainty of quantum physics. He affirms his faith in miracles, including the resurrection of Jesus, but without the weighty evidence and careful reasoning he uses against the anti-evolutionists. So why should his colleagues believe him? In short, Miller’s science has a lot more intellectual vigor than his faith.
Last week I also read a brief article by Beverly Roberts Gaventa and Richard B. Hays, taken from a new book they edited, Seeking the Identity of Jesus: A Pilgrimage. I liked what I read, so I bought the book. It’s the product of a collaborative effort called “The Identity of Jesus Project,” involving some sixteen scholars of various backgrounds who met periodically over a three-year period. Although differences remain among them, they all agree on some pretty basic issues, such as Jesus makes sense only within the context of the history of Israel, and his identity is reliably attested and known in the canonical Bible. No Jesus Seminar or Gnostic gospels (Thomas, Judas) for these people! The most intriguing statements are that Jesus is inherently a disturbing, destabilizing figure and that the identity of Jesus is something that must be learned through long-term discipline. I am very much looking forward to reading this book. Now if I can just find the time to do so in the midst of a busy semester!
Last week I also read a brief article by Beverly Roberts Gaventa and Richard B. Hays, taken from a new book they edited, Seeking the Identity of Jesus: A Pilgrimage. I liked what I read, so I bought the book. It’s the product of a collaborative effort called “The Identity of Jesus Project,” involving some sixteen scholars of various backgrounds who met periodically over a three-year period. Although differences remain among them, they all agree on some pretty basic issues, such as Jesus makes sense only within the context of the history of Israel, and his identity is reliably attested and known in the canonical Bible. No Jesus Seminar or Gnostic gospels (Thomas, Judas) for these people! The most intriguing statements are that Jesus is inherently a disturbing, destabilizing figure and that the identity of Jesus is something that must be learned through long-term discipline. I am very much looking forward to reading this book. Now if I can just find the time to do so in the midst of a busy semester!
Monday, October 27, 2008
Many are Called, Few are Chosen
The other day I was asked about a recent Sunday reading from Matthew. In it Jesus says that the kingdom of heaven is like a king who gave a wedding banquet for his son. Those who were originally invited “made light of it” and refused to come, so the king had his servants go out into the streets and bring passersby in. Someone showed up without the proper attire, however, and the king threw him out. Jesus ends with, “For many are called, but few are chosen.” (Mt 22:14) That’s the verse that bothered my friend. Why does God call many but only choose a few?
My response was that God does indeed call many. In fact, I would say that God calls everyone, that God desires the reconciliation of everyone to himself and to one another. What is also necessary, however, is our response to that call. Only if we respond will we be chosen.
I believe that it is God who makes the first move. We cannot save ourselves through our own self-will. Yet we do have a choice. We can choose what leads to life, or what leads to death. We can respond to the call, or we can make light of it. God’s grace helps us with that decision, but grace is not irresistible, in the Reformed sense that the elect will be chosen by God no matter what. I would dearly love to believe in universal salvation, that our choices ultimately have no effect on whether or not we enter the kingdom of heaven. Unfortunately, I can’t reconcile that with what I read in the Bible. It is clear, however, that it’s none of our business to try to figure out who is allowed into the wedding feast and who gets thrown out. That’s for God to decide.
My response was that God does indeed call many. In fact, I would say that God calls everyone, that God desires the reconciliation of everyone to himself and to one another. What is also necessary, however, is our response to that call. Only if we respond will we be chosen.
I believe that it is God who makes the first move. We cannot save ourselves through our own self-will. Yet we do have a choice. We can choose what leads to life, or what leads to death. We can respond to the call, or we can make light of it. God’s grace helps us with that decision, but grace is not irresistible, in the Reformed sense that the elect will be chosen by God no matter what. I would dearly love to believe in universal salvation, that our choices ultimately have no effect on whether or not we enter the kingdom of heaven. Unfortunately, I can’t reconcile that with what I read in the Bible. It is clear, however, that it’s none of our business to try to figure out who is allowed into the wedding feast and who gets thrown out. That’s for God to decide.
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